Science: The endless frontier. Holts introduction takes seriously the idea that the United States is a democracy, and that scientists have a specific role to play in that democracy, which is not the same thing as saying that scientists should control science policy. Discovery of new therapeutic agents and methods usually results from basic studies in medicine and the underlying sciences. Reprints and Permissions. Government Relations to Science -- Past and Future. "Naomi Oreskes, author of Why Trust Science? Even if it be shown subsequently that he has not what it takes to go to the top, he will go further than he would otherwise go if there had been a ceiling beyond which he always knew he could not aspire. From October 6 - November 10, 2022. . (3) The agency should promote research through contracts or grants to organizations outside the Federal Government. Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. Since 1900 a large number of scientific agencies have been established within the Federal Government, until in 1939 they numbered more than 40. Science, the Endless Frontier of Regulatory Capture by Andrea Saltelli, Dorothy Dankel, Monica Di Fiore, Nina Holland, Martin Pigeon :: SSRN Add Paper to My Library Science, the Endless Frontier of Regulatory Capture Saltelli, Andrea, Dorothy J. Dankel, Monica Di Fiore, Nina Holland, and Martin Pigeon. At their best they provide the scientific worker with a strong sense of solidarity and security, as well as a substantial degree of personal intellectual freedom. . In a compelling essay, Rush Holt helps us understand the broader context in which Bush prepared his now-famous report, and offers important insights into new considerations that should inform our discussions about science policy today. Beijing 100016, P.R. They are founded on new principles and new conceptions, which in turn are painstakingly developed by research in the purest realms of science. Basically there is no reason to believe that scientists of other countries will not in time rediscover everything we now know which is held in secrecy. Plants which are more resistant to disease and are adapted to short growing season, the prevention and cure of livestock diseases, the control of our insect enemies, better fertilizers, and improved agricultural practices, all stem from painstaking scientific research. Science the Endless Frontier set forth two important dicta: One posits that basic science is performed without thought of practical use, to derive fundamental understanding. Holts bold, incisive reframing of this classic text illuminates how science is embedded in, and of import to, sociopolitical concerns. This involves improved high school instruction, provision for helping individual talented students to finish high school (primarily the responsibility of the local communities), and opportunities for more capable, promising high school students to go to college. Figure 4 shows that all included studies presented low risk of bias to 'baseline characteristics,' but no study presented low risk of bias to 'allocation concealment,' 'random housing,' 'blinding for intervention,' or 'random outcome assessment.' Only one study presented low risk of bias to 'sequence generation.' There have been numerous cases of independent discovery of the same truth in different places. There should be no obligation on the research institution to patent discoveries made as a result of support from the Foundation. Subscribe to receive 40% off your first order, plus a free ebook or audiobook. "Speaker Nancy Pelosi, "Vannevar Bushs prescient report launched the modern scientific enterprise, spurred by generous government investment. March 30, 2021. We submit, however, that the nation's need for more and better scientific research is such that the risk must be accepted. Industry is generally inhibited by preconceived goals, by its own clearly defined standards, and by the constant pressure of commercial necessity. The Army and Navy should continue to carry on research and development on the improvement of current weapons. Today, it is truer than ever that basic research is the pacemaker of technological progress. Working against time, the Office of Scientific Research and Development has been obliged to enforce this practice during the war, although it was realized by all concerned that it was an emergency measure which prevented the continuous cross-fertilization so essential to fruitful scientific effort. It opened the seas to clipper ships and furnished land for pioneers. 4 Citations. The classic case for why government must support sciencewith a new essay by physicist and former congressman Rush Holt on what democracy needs from science today. The CHIPS and Science Act combines two bipartisan bills the Endless Frontier Act, designed to boost investment in domestic high-tech research and the CHIPS for America Act, designed to bring semiconductor manufacturing back to the U.S. Universities may forgo the focus on quantity, and more strongly reward research quality 56 , and perhaps more fully subsidize year-long sabbaticals. Membership of the Division of National Defense should include, in addition to, say, five civilian members, one representative designated by the Secretary of War, and one representative of the Secretary of the Navy, who should serve without additional compensation for this duty. Any extension of medical facilities must be accompanied by an expanded program of medical training and research. Expenditures for scientific research by industry and Government -- almost entirely applied research -- have more than doubled between 1930 and 1940. From early days the Government has taken an active interest in scientific matters. Our web pages use cookiesinformation about how you interact with the site. In general we have held these principles well in balance. Science and the great practical genius of this nation made this achievement possible. Science is fundamentally a unitary thing. This Report recommended that the federal government accept new responsibilities for promoting the flow of new scientific knowledge and the development of scientific talent in youth. - This Division should be charged with encouraging the publication of scientific knowledge and promoting international exchange of scientific information. Moreover, since health, well-being, and security are proper concerns of Government, scientific progress is, and must be, of vital interest to Government. S.P., 4.5 x 3.25 in. Our population increased from 75 million to 130 million between 1900 and 1940. Metrics details. Office of scientific rese. Without scientific progress the national health would deteriorate; without scientific progress we could not hope for improvement in our standard of living or for an increased number of jobs for our citizens; and without scientific progress we could not have maintained our liberties against tyranny. Vannevar Bushs Science, the Endless Frontier remains the touchstone for understanding how Americans regard basic research, why they pay for it, and what benefits they expect. There are certain kinds of research - such as research on the improvement of existing weapons -- which can best be done within the military establishment. With his insightful introduction to this landmark work, Rush Holt sets forth a persuasive case that a new science policy is vital, not only to our research infrastructure, but also to our very democracy. It is wholly probable that progress in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, renal disease, cancer, and similar refractory diseases will be made as the result of fundamental discoveries in subjects unrelated to those diseases, and perhaps entirely unexpected by the investigator. Don't Bite the Sun by Tanith Lee (1977) The unnamed narrator and the other human inhabitants of the desert world's three cities are free to enjoy virtually every creature comfort they can . Copy link Link copied. To enter into contracts with or make grants to educational and nonprofit research institutions for support of scientific research. But we must proceed with caution in carrying over the methods which work in wartime to the very different conditions of peace. We could not suggest to you a program which would syphon into science and technology a disproportionately large share of the nation's highest abilities, without doing harm to the nation, nor, indeed, without crippling science. Each year 125,000 new mental cases are hospitalized. Vannevar Bush distills in graceful prose his deep experience of directing research during World War II and Rush Holts new introduction points to how science is essential for all citizens and a vibrant democracy. Diabetes has been brought under control by insulin, pernicious anemia by liver extracts; and the once widespread deficiency diseases have been much reduced, even in the lowest income groups, by accessory food factors and improvement of diet. A study in the premier science journal notes the long term falling off of truly original findings, as opposed to endless citations of others' findings. As in the case of the research sponsored during the war by the Office of Scientific Research and Development, the research sponsored by the National Research Foundation should be conducted, in general, on an actual cost basis without profit to the institution receiving the research contract or grant. If ability, and not the circumstance of family fortune, is made to determine who shall receive higher education in science, then we shall be assured of constantly improving quality at every level of scientific activity. They will be of aid in furnishing detailed suggestions.
Putting together Science, the Endless Frontier 75 years ago, Vannevar Bush drew on his experience during World War II, but proposed something entirely novela federal agency with a unique structure that would fund university research to meet broad national needs. Notable advances have been made in the early diagnosis of cancer, and in the surgical and radiation treatment of the disease. An important perspective from a physicist, policymaker, and advocate for science, Holt provides new insights to Vannevar Bushs text. How can the United States channel science and technology for public good and social justice, not only economic growth? A permanent Science Advisory Board should be created to consult with these scientific bureaus and to advise the executive and legislative branches of Government as to the policies and budgets of Government agencies engaged in scientific research. Functions. Much of the impetus for a paradigm shift in U.S. research policy and funding comes from the PRC's efforts to boost its companies and research capacity. Hence Government, like industry, is dependent on the colleges, universities, and research institutes to expand the basic scientific frontiers and to furnish trained scientific investigators. It will not receive the attention it requires if left to industry. Again it was painstaking scientific research over many years that made radar possible. The scientist doing basic research may not be at all interested in the practical applications of his work, yet the further progress of industrial development would eventually stagnate if basic scientific research were long neglected. Using the citation data from 45 million manuscripts and 3.9 million patents, the researchers calculated a measure of disruptiveness, called the 'CD index', in which values ranged from -1 for the least . Two great principles have guided us in this country as we have turned our full efforts to war. To date, with the exception of the intensive war research conducted by the Office of Scientific Research and Development, such support has been meager and intermittent. - The National Research Foundation should develop and promote a national policy for scientific research and scientific education, should support basic research in nonprofit organizations, should develop scientific talent in American youth by means of scholarships and fellowships, and should by contract and otherwise support long-range research on military matters. The publicly and privately supported colleges, universities, and research institutes are the centers of basic research. * * * So in the last analysis, the future of science in this country will be determined by our basic educational policy.". By the same token these groups cannot be made the repository of the new and large responsibilities in science which belong to the Government and which the Government should accept. Separation of the sciences in tight compartments, as would occur if more than one agency were involved, would retard and not advance scientific knowledge as a whole. We believe that our proposals will minimize that effect, but we do not think that it can be completely avoided. CHAPTER 4. Division of Publications and Scientific Collaboration. Almost all Government scientific work has ultimate practical objectives but, in many fields of broad national concern, it commonly involves long-term investigation of a fundamental nature. The establishment of the new agency, including a civilian military research group, should not be delayed by the existence of the Research Board for National Security, which is a temporary measure. It should not operate any laboratories of its own. They have led to extravagantly critical attacks which tend to discredit a basically sound system. There is one other matter which requires special mention. How will we find ways to make better products at lower cost? CHAPTER 6. The committee advising me on scientific personnel has stated the following principle which should guide our planning: "If we were all-knowing and all-wise we might, but we think probably not, write you a plan whereby there might be selected for training, which they otherwise would not get, those who, 20 years hence, would be scientific leaders, and we might not bother about any lesser manifestations of scientific ability. (4) Support of basic research in the public and private colleges, universities, and research institutes must leave the internal control of policy, personnel, and the method and scope of the research to the institutions themselves. Government initiative and support for the development of newly discovered therapeutic materials and methods can reduce the time required to bring the benefits to the public. * * * There is never enough ability at high levels to satisfy all the needs of the nation; we would not seek to draw into science any more of it than science's proportionate share.". Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Approximately 7 million persons in the United States are mentally ill; more than one-third of the hospital beds are occupied by such persons, at a cost of $175 million a year. These private sources should continue to carry their share of the financial burden. It's one thing to have equations describing the way a single molecule of water behaves. Rather, the decline represents a substantive shift in science and technology, . These are the best estimates available. Together, Bush and Holt give us a roadmap for US science today. "Audra Wolfe, Never Just Science, "I just read the new Princeton University Press edition of Vannevar Bushs Science, The Endless Frontier, with an interesting introductory essay by Rush Holt. Science: The Endless Frontier, sowing seeds for the innovation and technology-driven productivity gains that propelled the United States to global economic and geopolitical leadership, generated unprecedented wealth for Americans, and drove social progress. They must attract our best scientists as teachers and investigators. Here is a tremendous waste of the greatest resource of a nation -- the intelligence of its citizens. First issued when Vannevar Bush was the director of the US Office of Scientific Research and Development during the Second World War, this classic remains vital in making the case that scientific progress is necessary to a nation's health, security, and prosperity. PUB L I C. VA L U E. SCIE NCE SCIE NCE. Google Scholar. The usual controls of audits, reports, budgeting, and the like, should, of course, apply to the administrative and fiscal operations of the Foundation, subject, however, to such adjustments in procedure as are necessary to meet the special requirements of research. But without scientific progress no amount of achievement in other directions can insure our health, prosperity, and security as a nation in the modern world. 3. We think it very important that every boy and girl shall know that, if he shows that he has what it takes, the sky is the limit. Methods should therefore be found which will permit the agency to make commitments of funds from current appropriations for programs of five years duration or longer. Division of Scientific Personnel and Education. Stay connected for new books and special offers. This view was at the core Expand. The most immediate prospect of making up some of the deficit in scientific personnel is by salvaging scientific talent from the generation in uniform. The resulting typology not only gives insights into the relationships that might exist between static publications, but also the rich process whereby an ongoing research project evolves through interactions with the research literature. For many years the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics has supplemented the work of the Army and Navy by conducting basic research on the problems of flight. "US Congresswoman Anna Eshoo, "Vannevar Bushs influential text, Science, the Endless Frontier, laid out a roadmap for a whole new relationship between science, technology, and the federal government. We cannot again rely on our allies to hold off the enemy while we struggle to catch up. This proposal is certainly worthy of further study. First issued when Vannevar Bush was the director of the US Office of Scientific Research and Development during the Second World War, this classic remains vital in . Science, the Endless Frontier is recognized as the landmark argument for the essential role of science in society and governments responsibility to support scientific endeavors. Industry will fully rise to the challenge of applying new knowledge to new products. The obligation of Government to support research on military problems is inescapable. In War. CHAPTER 3. Physicist and public servant Rush Holt reintroduces this influential blueprint, reflecting on the constructive developments it inspired, as well as the troubling consequences that stem from a research culture unaccountable to the polity. "Sylvester James Gates Jr., Brown University, "Since World War II, Science, the Endless Frontier has been the central model for science policy in the United States. - 1. Download citation. In computer science and artificial intelligence, there has been a recent thread of work on citation recommendation, concerned with identifying relevant citations given a piece of text and possibly other meta-data (e.g., authors, etc.) He understands what the place of science in our democratic society has beenand what it should be. Consider, for example, water. These uncertainties arise from lack of clarity of the tax law as to the proper treatment of such costs. Such an agency, moreover, should be an independent agency devoted to the support of scientific research and advanced scientific education alone. The Government can accomplish significant results in several ways: by aiding in the arrangement of international science congresses, in the official accrediting of American scientists to such gatherings, in the official reception of foreign scientists of standing in this country, in making possible a rapid flow of technical information, including translation service, and possibly in the provision of international fellowships. They should be persons of broad interest in and understanding of the peculiarities of scientific research and education. Now the situation is different. The Members should elect their own chairman annually. - It should be the function of this Division to support and to supervise the grant of scholarships and fellowships in science. To satisfy these considerations I recommend the establishment of a Board, made up equally of scientists and military men, whose function would be to pass upon the declassification and to control the release for publication of scientific information which is now classified. At the same time, the teaching hospitals are especially well qualified to carry on medical research because of their close connection with the medical schools, on which they depend for staff and supervision. They should receive their expenses and compensation for their services at a per diem rate of, say, $50 while engaged on business of the Foundation, but no division member should receive more than, say, $10,000 compensation per year. There should be a focal point within the Government for a concerted program of assisting scientific research conducted outside of Government. Research within the Government represents an important part of our total research activity and needs to be strengthened and expanded after the war. Language English Pages 184 "In his companion essay to this new edition of Science, the Endless Frontierthe blueprint for American science since World War IIRush Holt argues that a more expansive philosophical vision of the value of science is needed, one that embraces the public as a more equal partner. The most important single factor in scientific and technical work is the quality of the personnel employed. In order, however, to secure the part-time services of the most competent men as Members of the Foundation and the Divisions, these stringent prohibitions should be relaxed to the extent indicated. "Kaye G. Husbands Fealing, Georgia Institute of Technology, "This is the welcome revival of arguably the most important document in the history of US science policy. Many had begun their studies before they went to war. 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