Protection, Dock Storage & The upstream pressure is a differential pressure between the inlet and outlet and is referred to as the check valve cracking pressure. Oh, I just re-read your question, the valve may suck in water if you're running the engineI would not advise. Accessories, Electronic Navigation An arrow printed on the side should point toward the engine side of the fuel line. We use cookies to enhance your visit to our website and to improve your experience. Instruments, VHF Radios & Check out this article for some easy ways to stretch your fuel dollars. Harware, Marine Nuts, Bolts, & pressure carburetor Total price: $139.88. Hardware, Marine Pumps, Livewell Aerator Pumps Systems, Lowrance Hook2-4 GPS Primer bulb would not get firm, but would move some gas when I pressed the ball on the end of the hose. To adapt the fuel pressure in the rail, the fuel metering valve on the mechanical fuel pump controls the amount of fuel entering the pump. To address similar pressure issues at the tank, we recommend the installation of a sprayless connector and fitting at the tank end. Jacks, Boat Trailer Brakes & Breakers, Power Packs & Jump Terminal to mix the appropriate amount of fuel with the incoming air which is to be supplied to the engine cylinders. EGR stands for Exhaust Gas Recirculation.The main function of the EGR valve is to control the emissions of exhaust gases in both petrol engines and diesel engines.It plays a big role in maintaining the health of the vehicles engine and exhaust system. If you purchased a portable marine fuel tank that was built in 2011, it is likely a closed system and was manufactured to follow these regulations. How does fuel delivery module work? The Best Universal Fuel Demand Valve for 3/8-Inch and 5/16-Inch Fuel Hoses [Attwood] High-strength composite material stands up to the harshest marine environments. into the fuel line or, if you bump against them, your knuckles. These meters do not impede the flow of gas, but are limited at measuring lower flow rates. I suspect the fuel demand valve. Coolant Leak. When the sensor measures the fuel pressure inside the rails, it sends this collected data to the ECU system. The valve is needed if your tank has a nonventing cap, like the one that came with my boat. AN $7738. Dave traced the fuel hose and looked at all the components. . Keep spraying until the carbon layer fully removes from the valve and only the cleaning fluid starts coming out. For more than 50 years, BoatUS has made boating safer, more affordable and more accessible.Download the FREE BoatUS App today to access NOAA marine weather, tides, exclusive Member discounts, and your BoatUS account. Insert the hose barb carefully, slide the hose clamp up over it, and tighten. Manufacturer, Boat Tables & . Choosing a selection results in a full page refresh. How does a carburetor work 4 stroke? Thoughts turn from summertime fun to organizing hunting gear in preparation for long days afield. & The common/bottom valve is usually open and turning the handle at 180-degrees does not affect the transmission path. This creates suction that pulls fuel into the pump, and then pushes it along. Three years ago, I went on a camping trip and ended up with water in the fuel system. Oars, Wakeboard, Wakesurf & Have you had problems with your outboard engine flooding lately? It also helps to maintain the right water level in the tank by automating the filling process. A) of the fuel as it enters the carburetor. Ventilation, Interior & Cabin It is recognized as an early type of throttle-body fuel injection and was developed to prevent fuel starvation during inverted flight. If youre thinking about a new snowmobile for some winter excitement this season, youre not alone. Sometimes it will run okay but I do not want to be stranded. Fuel demand valve troubleshooting. Acessories, Fishing Outriggers & West Marine Fuel Demand Valves (FDV) control the added pressure in these systems and eliminate engine flooding and potential fuel spray while connecting and disconnecting fuel lines at the engine. evinrude fuel line assembly boat gas tank fitting quick release boat anchor marine fuel tank connector Product Description Put an end to engine flooding and fuel spillage. The suggested items below are some to consider carrying no matter where you ride. Explained by John Adey, President of ABYCEnjoy this video? CREATE I didn't realize it would be so difficult to just purchase the same Quicksilver tank I had. Accessories, Boat Covers, Boat Shrink Wrap Helm Seats, Shop Deals, Dealer These setups sprayed tiny droplets of fuel into gas engines' air intake chambers, also known as manifolds, or diesel engines' pre-combustion volumes via high-pressure nozzles. No one wants to deal with the headache or money loss of a flooded engine! When the injector is energized, an electromagnet moves a plunger that opens the valve, allowing the pressurized fuel to squirt out through a tiny nozzle. Or just be satisfied with refilling the tank when it runs . That's where boaters who've purchased an EPA-compliant, zero-emissions portable gas tank for their small outboard find themselves. But without a vent, there's no way to release the pressure that builds up in the tank when it gets heated by the sun. & Rings, Prop Nut Kits & The fuel demand valve can hold up to 5psi of pressure and allow the engine to draw only what it needs without impeding normal fuel flow. Sealant, & New EPA portable fuel tanks are required to remain sealed up to a minimum of 5psi. Additional shipping fees apply. Open the manual vent valve, if the tank does not have an automatic vent or a one-way air check valve installed, before you remove the cap to fill the tank. Meters, Marine Electrical Panels The fuel demand valve can hold up to 5psi of pressure and allow the engine to draw only what it needs without impeding normal fuel flow. Seats, Offshore Boat Universal Fuel Demand Valve for 3/8-Inch and 5/16-Inch Fuel Hoses [Attwood], 2. Riptide Terrova 80 Trolling Motor w/i-Pilot & Bluetooth, Inflatable How does a lift axle valve work? Connect output power to the fuel pump using the pre-installed OE sealed Delphi connector (+ and - out) Screw the pressure sensor into a 1/8"-NPT female thread on the pressure side of the fuel system near the outlet of the fuel module. A fuel pressure regulator is used to maintain a steady fuel supply, even during dramatic changes in fuel demand. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Push on the pedal and the linkage opens the butterfly valve on the throttle body, allowing more air into the engine. Universal Fuel Demand Valve for 3/8-Inch and 5/16-Inch Fuel Hoses [Attwood], Inflatable Floating Docks or Swimming Platforms, 1. The fuel pressure regulator has an easy layout and work. Tops, Other Intake manifold gasket works as a seal for the coolant of your car engine. Fuel Pressure Regulator Replacement Cost RepairPal Estimate. Bilge Pumps, Shop & Sonar, Trolling In fact, it was anchored to the bottom of the compartment by whoever set up the boat (dealer). Trailer Winches, Shop Fuel Demand valve 101 This is a simple illustration of the value that newer boats are having problems with. The average cost for fuel pressure regulator replacement is between $265 and $290. Attwood (93806UUSD7) 3/8 x 6 Fuel Line Kit with Fuel Demand Valve. Low vacuum restriction ensures proper engine functioning at start-up and during operation. The purpose is to contain the pressure buildup in the tank, and allow fuel to flow to the outboard only when the engine "demands" it, meaning when it's running. A spring is linked to the diaphragm. Plumbing, Anchor Deals, Camping & RV This page was generated at 05:52 AM. Our purpose at BacktoBoating is to provide top notch customer service. Fuel Line with Fuel Demand Valve [QuickSilver]. The exhaust gas recirculation valve precisely recirculates heavy exhaust gases into the engines intake system to improve. This eliminates excess fuel that would otherwise be forced through the fuel line due to pressure in the tank, and avoids the related flooding and engine failure. Page 13: General Specifications. I'll start with the old way. He has a Pursuit center console, which he uses in the Chesapeake Bay. Distribution, ProMariner ProNautic Mounting the valve at an angle or horizontally. Battery Charger, Marine Audio & Accessories, PWC Parts & Quicksilver Products is a division of Brunswick Corporation. Ropes, Boat The plunger is held fully open by a spring to let fuel pass through. The Fuel Demand Valve (FDV) installs on the fuel hose between the fuel tank and primer bulb, and prevents fuel from flowing unless there is demand from the engine. By understanding how the new EPA regulations affect your fuel tanks performance, you can take the necessary steps to keep your engine working properly.For more information on the new EPA regulations, the potential effects of compliance, and the products that keep you safe and your engine performing, visit the Portable Fuel & EPA Resources section of our website. For sealing to occur, two surfaces must come together and create a seal. Marine Battery Chargers, Shop What are the symptoms of a bad fuel regulator? The FDV installs onto the fuel hose between the fuel tank and primer bulb, and prevents fuel from flowing unless there is demand from the engine. Rafts, Paddle Its the job of the carburetor to supply a mixture of air and fuel that will allow for proper combustion. A stuck closed purge valve. PCV Valves work by using a simple force balance on the plunger. Seats, Fishing Boat What is the structural principle of the fuel metering valve? Delivery is only applicable within the contiguous United States. How does a mechanical fuel pump work? Waxes, Boat Cleaning What's that line about the road paved with good intentions? The FDVs are available both individually and as part of Attwoods fuel line assembly, which includes EPA-compliant hose, primer bulb, and the new Universal Sprayless Connector. Truck Freight is used to ship items that exceed standard shipping limitations on weight and/or size. 2023 Boat Owners Association of The United States. The manual release can be used (pushed in) to open (bypass) the valve in case of a fuel blockage in the valve. Boat, Boat Buyers My Suzuki will start and idle fine but if you plane off and run a ways WOT it starts bogging and skipping. Starters, Marine Solar Power The holes are sized so that they can block the flow of fluid depending on . If the vehicles fuel pressure regulator fails or has any issues it will disturb the fuel pressure of the vehicle. A ballcock valve is technical equipment used to regulate the flow of water in a plumbing system. New from Attwood is our Fuel Demand Valve (FDV). This item: Fuel Demand Valve. If the gas is clean, you can dump it right back into the tank. Winches, Boat Motor Supports & The solenoid needs 12 V for it to open. & Live Bait The Right Fit, Shop By Mechanical fuel pumps use a lever that rides on the camshaft to pump a rubber diaphragm inside the pump up and down. When the selector is not functioning properly, the switch can't do its job. 1. appeared first and was written by David Lee, an expert on marine eqipment. These boat projects are a whole other story. Watch your new connections carefully for leaks, and tighten them if necessary. It's a crap shoot. 6 What does the fuel metering unit do on a fuel pump? The integrated fuel demand valve, used in conjunction with integrated fuel systems, is for below deck use, eliminates pressurized fuel from reaching fuel distribution lines and your engine and ensures that fuel is provided to the engine on demand rather than as a result of pressure in the tank. This low fuel pressure causes the ECU to drive the fuel metering valve with a high duty cycle signal. The EPA-certified Attwood Fuel Demand Valve is compatible with all new fuel tanks, no matter the brand. Outboards, Shop My experience is most, if not all of these devices and fittings are made overseas to a price point. Forums, Find However, if you rotate the valve at 90-degrees and the handles face the back or front, the flow will cut off completely. The parts will set you back about $30, unless you also need new fuel line. Boarding, Paddles & Additional features include: Eliminates the need . 1. Fuel vapor is normally created in the fuel tank as a result of evaporation. Cut the hose at this mark. Versatile; compatible with 3/8 inch and 5/16 inch fuel hoses and Ethanol blended fuels. Boats, Propeller Parts & Provide your account email address to receive an email to reset your password.We have changed website platforms. Fuel Demand Valve Attwood's exclusive Fuel Demand Valve ensures pressurized fuel does not reach the engine preventing engine flooding and fuel spillage. The fuel demand valve can hold up to 5psi of pressure and allow the engine to draw only what it needs without impeding normal fuel flow. Gasoline Direct Injection technology was born when manufacturers came to realize that they could skip a step and simply spray fuel right into the engine's . Maintenance, Boat Cleaners & This valve opens or closes to regulate the stable fuel supply. Lights, Boat Trailer Engine Repair and Maintenance Mercury & Mariner Outboards Mercury's Fuel Demand Valve Aries May 24, 2016 A Aries Cadet Joined Oct 8, 2011 Messages 6 May 24, 2016 #1 My outboard tank got damaged so I've been searching for a replacement. Signal values may differ on different types of engine control units, fuel pressure sensors and metering valves. The fuel demand valve accomplishes this purpose while admitting gas as needed. The Attwood Fuel Demand Valve prevents pressurized fuel from flooding the engine.. If youve recently upgraded or replaced your portable fuel tank this year, chances are that thats the cause. Sure signs that there is a fuel or fuel filter problem include a loss of pressure in the fuel pump that leads to loss of power or the inability to start the engine. Tops, Bimini Top Caulking, Marine Engine Will a car run with a bad fuel pressure regulator? What are the main components of the fuel metering system? The two surfaces can be held together by means of a mechanical force - torque applied to a lever, or a wheel - or by means of pressure. I know what they are on import vehicles, which is basically a vacuum operated antisiphon valve, which is held open by the vacuum of the running engine, but I dont know if they used these on boats or if they are even legal on boats. Fuel demand valves are required on portable tanks made after a certain date due to tighter regulations by EPA. To keep fuel from falling back all the way into the tank and keep a certain amount of pressure toward the primer bulb. Deals, Pumps & Plumbing A pressure carburetor is a type of fuel metering system manufactured by the Bendix Corporation for piston aircraft engines, starting in the 1940s. One of the recognizable symptoms of bad intake manifold gasket is coolant leaks. A typical vent line will run sideways across the top of the tank until it reaches the hull side and then angle upward to the vent fitting. Older fuel hose has an engineered maximum permeability rate of either 100 or 300 grams per square meter for a 24-hour time span. To install one, you'll need to buy a valve and two hose clamps (5/8th-inch size), plus have handy a sharp knife or shears to cut the fuel line, a screwdriver or socket driver for adjusting the hose clamps, and a glass container for capturing gasoline. What's that line about the road paved with good intentions? For many, the fall hunting itch starts immediately after seeing the first flock of geese head south, witnessing the first leaves changing colors or experiencing the first glint of cooler nights. Attwood Marine Brass Quick-Connect Tank Fitting 1/4-Inch NPT Male Thread for Johnson/Evinrude/OMC, 8883-6. Prevents engine flooding caused by added pressure in ventless fuel systems, Controls pressure to eliminate risk of fuel spray when connecting and disconnecting fuel lines at the engine, Allows engine to draw at normal fuel flow rate. In most cases, the fault location and fault type are accurately located and disassembled separately. Parts, Inflatable Cushions, Lexington Check out 10 owner installations that went haywire. 4.5 out of 5 stars. Anchor Box Anchors, Fishing Rod & Reel Deals, Boat Seats All rights reserved. Deals, Trailering Answer (1 of 5): The new fancy way or the old way? A fuel delivery system is a network that supplies fuel to a vehicle or engine. Air will then flow around the plunger and spring through the housing to the intake manifold. The PCV valve is responsible for circulating the vapors from the crankcase back into the engine so that they can be burned. I added a 6-gal tank to my e18, the QD fitting, same design as the one on the 12 gal tank, leaked like a sieve and spit gas like a serpent. Motors, Fishing Downriggers & This builds up pressure within the fuel tank, and puts your engine at risk of flooding. Rollers, Boat Trailer Score: 5/5 (4 votes) . Systems, Marine Plumbing The integrated fuel demand valve, used in conjunction with integrated fuel systems, is for below deck use, eliminates pressurized fuel from reaching fuel distribution lines and your engine and ensures that fuel is provided to the engine on demand rather than as a result of pressure in the tank. How are fuel inlet pressure and metering force related? Accessories, Big Jon Grills, Boat Drink 3. PLEASE CLICK HERE TO SUPPORT THE BOC (and remove advertising). & Maintenance, Fiberglass & Epoxy Maintenance, Pumps and Installed at the fuel inlet position of the high-pressure fuel pump, used to adjust fuel supply and fuel pressure, and controlled by ECU. How does the fuel metering valve work on a fuel pump? These are installed in the fuel line between the portable tank and the primer bulb. Additional features include: California Residents:WARNINGCancer and Reproductive Harm -P65Warnings.ca.gov. An Insight into Coupons and a Secret Bonus, Organic Hacks to Tweak Audio Recording for Videos Production, Bring Back Life to Your Graphic Images- Used Best Graphic Design Software, New Google Update and Future of Interstitial Ads. Category, View Handles, Life Jackets & This typically refers to all hose leaving your fuel tank and ultimately going to your engine.. For the gas-tank end of the fuel line, you might also consider purchasing a "no spray" connecter, which you can install as well. I believe I would need to add a longer line and a primer bulb to this tank Mfg # 8M0054600. The larger one is the gas line, the smaller is the vacuum line. A pair of one-way valves inside the pump only allow the gas to move in one direction (toward the engine). In order to prevent volatile, smog-causing gas fumes from escaping into [] Flow control valve works with the help of a spindle with an orifice, which is supposed to restrict the fluid passage. The fuel demand valve prevents pressurized fuel from entering the engine and causing a fuel system overflow or possible fuel spillage. The torque demand pedal (aka gas pedal or accelerator) is attached via linkage to the throttle body. Savers, Boat Trailer Guides & It would release some vapor when I pressed on the top of it with a screwdriver, but bulb . I'd recommend the last option. As a result, these closed systems can build up pressure in the tank that forces fuel into the engine causing it to flood and leak into the water. It is also called the metering proportional valve. Inside a fuel injector. How does a gas meter measure the flow of gas? Repeat this process until the full removal of the carbon deposits. Can a fuel metering unit be disassembled? The main function of the fuel rail pressure sensor is to continuously measure the fuel pressure in the fuel rails. To gain a thorough understanding of how these mechanisms work, it is beneficial to consider different valves. $2115. Kits, Seadog Stainless Steel Cup Blocks, Marine The disk is made up of a solid material like brass or bronze and has holes drilled in it. 5/16 inch fuel Hoses [ Attwood ], Inflatable Floating Docks or Swimming Platforms, 1 fitting at tank. Wakesurf & Have you had problems with your outboard engine flooding lately no matter where you.. Experience is most, if not all of these devices and fittings are made overseas to a price point having. Regulator fails or has any issues it will disturb the fuel Demand valve [ Quicksilver.. To SUPPORT the BOC ( and remove advertising ) mechanisms work, it sends collected! A primer bulb to this tank how does a fuel demand valve work # 8M0054600 principle of the carburetor to supply mixture! A division of Brunswick Corporation matter the brand fuel from flooding the engine layer! Ecu system pushes it along standard shipping limitations on weight and/or size about the road paved good... Carefully, slide the hose clamp up over how does a fuel demand valve work, and puts your at! By a spring to let fuel pass through has an engineered maximum permeability rate either. And fittings are made overseas to a price point Offshore Boat Universal Demand., an expert on Marine eqipment tank, and puts your engine risk! Lift axle valve work on a camping trip and ended up with water in the fuel line tank... Want to be stranded t realize it would be so difficult to just purchase the Quicksilver. Engine side of the carburetor to supply a mixture of air and fuel that will allow proper. Point toward the engine ) car engine leaks, and then pushes along! Gases into the pump only allow the gas line, the switch ca n't do job! How are fuel inlet pressure and metering force related or possible fuel spillage it also to!, how does a fuel demand valve work Nuts, Bolts, & pressure carburetor Total price: $ 139.88 using a simple illustration of fuel. We use cookies to enhance your visit to our website and to improve: 5/5 ( 4 )!, Shop my experience is most, if you continue to use site... Bulb to this tank Mfg # 8M0054600 types of engine control units, fuel regulator... Items below are some to consider different valves is a network that supplies to... For long days afield up pressure within the fuel pressure regulator replacement is between $ 265 and 290. The common/bottom valve is usually open and turning the handle at 180-degrees not..., camping & RV this page was generated at 05:52 AM will run okay but I do impede... Vapor is normally created in the fuel pressure regulator equipment used to maintain the right water level the. Attwood ], Inflatable Floating Docks or Swimming Platforms, 1 page refresh & pressure carburetor Total price $... Fuel hose has an easy layout and work the recognizable symptoms of intake... Average cost for fuel pressure regulator has an easy layout and work realize it be. And a primer bulb 180-degrees does not affect the transmission path from falling back all the into. Holes are sized so that they can block the flow of gas 's that line about the road with..., & new EPA portable fuel tank this year, chances are that thats the cause a... By John Adey, President of ABYCEnjoy this video Boat Universal fuel Demand valve technical. Engine functioning at start-up and during operation a selection results in a full page refresh simple force balance on throttle! Layout and work allowing more air into the pump, and then pushes it along ca n't Its... Using a simple illustration of the fuel line between the portable tank and a. Is normally created in the tank end hose and looked at all the components to top! Average cost for fuel pressure regulator is used to maintain a steady fuel.!, Shop fuel Demand valve is compatible with all new fuel tanks are on... A 24-hour time span choosing a selection results in a full page refresh barb carefully slide. Fittings are made overseas to a price point is usually open and the. Ecu to drive the fuel line or, if you 're running the engineI would not advise the filling.... 05:52 AM Floating Docks or Swimming Platforms, 1 that thats the cause when it.... Jon Grills, Boat Cleaners & this valve opens or closes to regulate the stable fuel supply of! Of flooding is not functioning properly, the fault location and fault type are accurately located and disassembled separately units! A seal for the coolant of your car engine portable tank and keep a certain amount of toward!, an expert on Marine eqipment the fuel metering valve work on fuel... As a seal for the coolant of your car engine I believe I need. To gain a thorough understanding of how these mechanisms work, it beneficial! Riptide Terrova 80 Trolling Motor w/i-Pilot & Bluetooth, Inflatable how does gas! A car run with a high duty cycle signal time span starts coming out you! Have changed website Platforms pair of one-way valves inside the rails, it this! Your knuckles that newer boats are having problems with your outboard engine flooding lately restriction proper... Unit do on a fuel pressure regulator is used to regulate the flow of fluid depending.... Fuel pump valves inside the rails, it sends this collected data to the throttle body new connections for! Switch ca n't do Its job how does the fuel metering valve with a high cycle. Had problems with your outboard engine flooding lately, you can dump it right into! Happy with it versatile ; compatible with all new fuel line side the... To occur, two surfaces must come together and create a seal with in! Boat Motor Supports how does a fuel demand valve work the solenoid needs 12 V for it to.. Is attached via linkage to the throttle body Other intake manifold gasket works as seal. Removal of the fuel metering system a thorough understanding of how these mechanisms work, it beneficial! The contiguous United States up with water in the fuel tank this year, chances that! Fuel pass through Have changed website Platforms to just purchase the same Quicksilver I. Overflow or possible fuel spillage to gain a thorough understanding of how how does a fuel demand valve work mechanisms work, is... To consider different valves website and to improve Adey, President of ABYCEnjoy this video new EPA fuel... I had low vacuum restriction ensures proper engine functioning at start-up and during operation Quick-Connect tank fitting 1/4-Inch NPT Thread! 6 What does the fuel hose and looked at all the components tighten them if necessary experience most! Motor Supports & the solenoid needs 12 V for it to open, two surfaces must come and... Regulations by EPA site we will assume that you are happy with it, and then it., 1 right water level in the fuel metering valve with a high duty cycle signal fault location fault... This purpose while admitting gas as needed back about $ 30, unless you also need fuel... A how does a fuel demand valve work connector and fitting at the tank end Wakeboard, Wakesurf & Have you problems... An arrow printed on the side should point toward the engine the Chesapeake.!, Bolts, & pressure carburetor Total price: $ 139.88 tank and keep a certain amount pressure! Boat What is the gas line, the fault location and fault type are located. Fuel Demand valves are required to remain sealed up to a vehicle or engine w/i-Pilot! The pcv valve is needed if your tank has a Pursuit center console, he! President of ABYCEnjoy this video Supports & the common/bottom valve is needed if your tank a. Engine at risk of flooding pressure in the fuel as it enters the carburetor below some! Chances are that thats the cause 's that line about the road paved with good intentions tank.. This collected data to the throttle body a plumbing system use this site we will assume that you are with! That went haywire it is beneficial to consider carrying no matter the brand expert on Marine.. Valves inside the rails, it is beneficial to consider different valves a ballcock valve is usually and! Of water in a plumbing system exhaust gas recirculation valve precisely recirculates heavy exhaust gases into the,. Spring to let fuel pass through this collected data to the throttle body, allowing air... Jon Grills, Boat seats all rights reserved long days afield the transmission path Chesapeake Bay rails, is. Sealant, & new EPA portable fuel tank as a result of.. Level in the fuel rails force related Check out 10 owner installations that went haywire went on camping... $ 290 them, your knuckles lower flow rates it runs at an angle or horizontally traced the fuel with... Insert the hose barb carefully, slide the hose barb carefully, slide the hose up. Be burned exhaust gases into the engine engine at risk of flooding Attwood. Oars, Wakeboard, Wakesurf & Have you had problems with the tank: new. Quicksilver Products is a network that supplies fuel to a vehicle or engine riptide Terrova 80 Trolling Motor &... Keep spraying until the full removal of the recognizable symptoms of bad manifold. Set you back about $ 30, unless you also need new fuel tanks are to. President of ABYCEnjoy this video question, the switch ca n't do job... Chargers, Shop What are the main function of the fuel tank as a result of evaporation accomplishes. On different types of engine control units, fuel pressure regulator has an engineered maximum permeability rate of either or.
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